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What Are the Competitive Exams in the USA? A Complete Guide


What Are the Competitive Exams in the USA? A Complete Guide
Oct, 25 2025

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Ever wondered which test will open the doors to your dream college, graduate program, or professional career in the United States? Competitive exams in the USA shape everything from admissions to licensure, and knowing the landscape can save you years of guesswork.

Why Competitive Exams Matter

These exams act as a common language that schools, employers, and licensing boards trust. They level the playing field, letting a candidate from any state or background prove competence with a single score.

Big Picture: How the Exams are Grouped

Think of the exam ecosystem as four buckets:

  • Undergraduate admission tests
  • Graduate admission and scholarship tests
  • Professional licensing exams
  • Credit‑by‑exam and advanced placement tests

Each bucket serves a distinct purpose, but the preparation mindset is often similar - understand the format, master the content, and practice under timed conditions.

Undergraduate Admission Tests

When you apply to a U.S. college, the two most talked‑about scores are the SAT and the ACT. Both are accepted nationwide, and many schools use them for merit scholarships as well.

SAT is a college‑readiness exam that measures evidence‑based reading, writing, and math skills. It’s administered by the College Board three times a year. The total score ranges from 400 to 1600, with each section scored between 200 and 800. The cost sits around $55, and most test‑takers spend three to four months preparing.

ACT is a four‑section exam covering English, math, reading, and science reasoning, plus an optional writing test. Scores run from 1 to 36 per section, and the composite is the average of the four sections. The ACT costs about $60, and it’s offered six times annually.

Graduate Admission and Scholarship Tests

If you aim for a master’s, PhD, or professional degree, you’ll encounter a new set of exams.

GRE is the Graduate Record Examination, used by thousands of graduate programs to assess verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and analytical writing. Scores for the verbal and quantitative sections range from 130 to 170, while the writing score is 0‑6. Test‑day fees hover around $205.

GMAT is the Graduate Management Admission Test, required by most MBA programs to evaluate analytical writing, integrated reasoning, quantitative, and verbal skills. Total scores span 200‑800. The exam costs $250 and is administered year‑round at testing centers.

LSAT is the Law School Admission Test, designed to measure reading comprehension, analytical reasoning, and logical reasoning. Scores range from 120‑180. The fee is $200, and the test is offered four times per year.

MCAT is the Medical College Admission Test, a prerequisite for U.S. medical schools, covering biological, physical, and social sciences plus critical analysis. Scores run from 472‑528. The cost is $320, and it’s held multiple times a year.

Study desk with practice books, laptop timer, clock, and exam-related props like beaker and scale.

Professional Licensing Exams

After you earn a degree, many careers require a licensing exam to practice legally.

USMLE is the United States Medical Licensing Examination, a three‑step exam series that medical graduates must pass to obtain a medical license. Each step is scored on a 1‑300 scale, and the total cost exceeds $2,000.

NCLEX is the National Council Licensure Examination for registered nurses (RN) and practical nurses (PN), measuring safety and competency. It uses a computerized adaptive format with a pass/fail result. Fee is about $200.

CPA Exam is the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination, required for accountants who wish to practice public accounting in the U.S. It consists of four sections, each scored 0‑99, with a total cost near $600.

Credit‑by‑Exam and Advanced Placement Tests

These exams let you earn college credit without taking a full course.

AP Exams are Advanced Placement tests offered in high school subjects; scores of 3‑5 can translate into college credit. Each exam costs $95.

CLEP Exams are College Level Examination Program tests that award credit for knowledge in various academic areas. Fees vary by exam, typically $200‑$250.

Comparison Table: Quick Reference

Key attributes of major U.S. competitive exams
Exam Primary Purpose Typical Test‑Takers Score Range Cost (USD) Frequency
SAT College admission High‑school seniors 400‑1600 55 3×/year
ACT College admission High‑school seniors 1‑36 60 6×/year
GRE Graduate admission Undergrad grads 130‑170 (V/Q) 205 12×/year
GMAT MBA admission Business aspirants 200‑800 250 12×/year
LSAT Law school admission Pre‑law students 120‑180 200 4×/year
MCAT Medical school admission Pre‑med undergrads 472‑528 320 3×/year
USMLE Medical licensure Medical graduates 1‑300 (each step) ~2000 Multiple dates
NCLEX Nursing licensure RN/PN candidates Pass/Fail 200 Continuous
CPA Exam Accounting licensure Accounting grads 0‑99 (each part) ~600 Continuous
AP Exams College credit High‑school students 1‑5 95 5×/year
CLEP Exams College credit Adults/transfer students 1‑4 200‑250 Year‑round

How to Choose the Right Exam for Your Goals

Start with a clear target: a specific school, a career path, or a credit goal. Then match the exam that aligns with that target. For example, if you want to study engineering, the SAT or ACT plus the SAT Subject Test in Math (if still offered) is key. For a career in law, the LSAT is non‑negotiable.

Consider these decision points:

  1. Eligibility - Some exams, like the MCAT, require specific coursework.
  2. Timing - Application deadlines dictate when you must have scores.
  3. Cost vs. Benefit - Weigh exam fees against scholarship opportunities.
  4. Format Preference - Do you thrive on multiple‑choice or essay writing?
Path with three signposts leading to university and hospital, student walking toward bright horizon.

Study Strategies That Actually Work

Across all exams, three tactics consistently boost scores:

  • Diagnostic Test: Take a full‑length practice exam early to spot weak spots.
  • Focused Review: Use official study guides (College Board, ETS, AAMC) and target your low‑scoring areas.
  • Timed Practice: Replicate real‑test conditions at least three times before the exam day.

For content‑heavy exams like the MCAT or USMLE, supplement with subject‑specific resources such as Kaplan, UWorld, or Khan Academy. For math‑heavy tests (SAT, GRE), practice with problem‑solving drills and learn shortcut methods.

Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

Even well‑prepared students stumble on avoidable mistakes:

  • Skipping the optional writing part on the ACT or GRE - many schools see it as a tie‑breaker.
  • Under‑estimating registration deadlines - late fees can add $100+.
  • Relying solely on free content - official prep materials often contain the exact question style.
  • Neglecting test‑day logistics - knowing the test center location saves precious minutes.

Frequently Asked Questions

Which exam should I take if I want a scholarship for college?

Most merit‑based scholarships consider SAT or ACT scores. Some state programs also award points for SAT Subject Tests or AP Exams. Aim for a composite score above 1400 (SAT) or 30 (ACT) to maximize eligibility.

Can I retake the GRE or GMAT if I’m not happy with my score?

Yes. The GRE allows unlimited attempts, but you must wait 21 days between tries. The GMAT permits up to five attempts in a rolling 12‑month window, with a 30‑day gap after the fourth attempt.

Do I need to take the USMLE if I already passed the MCAT?

Absolutely. The MCAT qualifies you for medical school admission, while the USMLE is required to obtain a medical license after graduation. They assess different stages of knowledge.

Is the CPA Exam harder than the GRE?

Hardness is subjective. The CPA Exam covers four distinct sections with a pass/fail threshold of 75, demanding both breadth and depth in accounting. The GRE focuses on verbal, quantitative, and analytical writing skills. Your background will dictate which feels tougher.

Can AP or CLEP credits replace a whole semester?

Many colleges accept a high score (usually 4‑5 for AP, 3‑4 for CLEP) as equivalent to a 3‑credit course. However, policies vary, so check your target school’s transfer credit guide.

Next Steps: Building Your Exam Roadmap

Pick the exam that matches your goal, mark the registration deadline on your calendar, and schedule a diagnostic test within the next two weeks. From there, allocate 8‑12 weeks of focused study, mixing content review with timed practice. Reach out to a tutor or join an online forum if you hit a plateau-most learners improve by 50‑100 points after a single expert session.

Armed with this roadmap, you’ll know exactly which competitive exams in the USA to tackle, how much they cost, and what score you should aim for. Good luck, and may your scores open every door you want!